President abdul hamid biography template

Similar Biography:. Vladimir Putin Height Wife Bio British Prime Minister David C Princess Diana Bio Height Boyf Obaidul Quader Biography, Fami John F. Kennedy Bio Height Wif Khaleda Zia Bio Childhood Care Justin Trudeau Bio Height Wife Leave a Comment Cancel Reply Your email address will not be published. He assumed the duties of the 21st President for a second term on 7 February After completing his education, he engaged himself in the profession of law.

Competition has also been internationalized for the benefit of modern science and information technology. So, every student has to attain international standards along with degrees. Besides, the country and the people invest in educating them. President: Abdul Hamid. Mr Hamid was Speaker of parliament before becoming president. Abdul Hamid was elected unopposed as Bangladesh's president in April , following the death in March of President Zillur Rahman after a long illness.

Mr Hamid, speaker of parliament since , was serving as acting president in the largely ceremonial post when MPs chose him to succeed Mr Rahman. The Young Ottomans believed that the modern parliamentary system was a restatement of the practice of consultation, or shura , that had existed in early Islam. In December , due to the insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina , the ongoing war with Serbia and Montenegro , and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by the cruelty used in stamping out the Bulgarian rebellion , Abdul Hamid promulgated a constitution and a parliament.

The first ever election in the Ottoman Empire was held in Crucially, the constitution gave Abdul Hamid the right to exile anyone he deemed a threat to the state. In any event, like many other would-be reforms of the Ottoman Empire, it proved nearly impossible. Russia continued to mobilize for war, and early in the Ottoman Empire went to war with the Russian Empire.

President abdul hamid biography template

Abdul Hamid's biggest fear, near dissolution, was realized with the Russian declaration of war on 24 April In that conflict, the Ottoman Empire fought without help from European allies. Russian chancellor Prince Gorchakov had by that time effectively purchased Austrian neutrality with the Reichstadt Agreement. The British Empire, though still fearing the Russian threat to the British presence in India , did not involve itself in the conflict because of public opinion against the Ottomans, following reports of Ottoman brutality in putting down the Bulgarian uprising.

Russia's victory was quick; the conflict ended in February The Treaty of San Stefano , signed at the end of the war, imposed harsh terms: the Ottoman Empire gave independence to Romania , Serbia, and Montenegro; it granted autonomy to Bulgaria; instituted reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina; and ceded parts of Dobrudzha to Romania and parts of Armenia to Russia, which was also paid an enormous indemnity.

After the war, Abdul Hamid suspended the constitution in February and dismissed the parliament, after its only meeting, in March As Russia could dominate the newly independent states, the Treaty of San Stefano greatly increased its influence in Southeastern Europe. At the Great Powers' insistence especially the United Kingdom's , the treaty was revised at the Congress of Berlin so as to reduce the great advantages Russia gained.

In exchange for these favors, Cyprus was ceded to Britain in There were troubles in Egypt, where a discredited khedive had to be deposed. Abdul Hamid mishandled relations with Urabi Pasha , and as a result, Britain gained de facto control over Egypt and Sudan by sending its troops in to establish control over the two provinces. Cyprus, Egypt, and Sudan ostensibly remained Ottoman provinces until , when Britain officially annexed them in response to the Ottoman participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers.

Abdul Hamid's distrust of the reformist admirals of the Ottoman Navy whom he suspected of plotting against him and trying to restore the constitution and his subsequent decision to lock the Ottoman fleet the world's third-largest fleet during the reign of his predecessor Abdul Aziz inside the Golden Horn indirectly caused the loss of Ottoman overseas territories and islands in North Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean Sea during and after his reign.

Financial difficulties forced him to consent to foreign control over the Ottoman national debt. In a decree issued in December , a large portion of the empire's revenues were handed over to the Public Debt Administration for the benefit of mostly foreign bondholders see Kararname of The union of Bulgaria with Eastern Rumelia was another blow to the Empire.

The creation of an independent and powerful Bulgaria was viewed as a serious threat to the Empire. For many years Abdul Hamid had to deal with Bulgaria in a way that did not antagonize the Russians or the Germans. There were also key problems regarding the Albanian question resulting from the Albanian League of Prizren and with the Greek and Montenegrin frontiers, where the European powers were determined that the Berlin Congress 's decisions be carried out.

Crete was granted "extended privileges", but these did not satisfy the population, which sought unification with Greece. In early a Greek expedition sailed to Crete to overthrow Ottoman rule on the island. Most people expected Abdul Hamid II to have liberal ideas, and some conservatives were inclined to regard him with suspicion as a dangerous reformer.

In a process known as İstibdad , Abdul Hamid reduced his ministers to acting as secretaries and concentrated much of the Empire's administration into his own hands. Default in the public funds, an empty treasury, the insurrection in Bosnia and Herzegovina , the war with Serbia and Montenegro , the result of Russo-Turkish war , and the feeling aroused throughout Europe by Abdul Hamid's government in stamping out the Bulgarian rebellion all contributed to his apprehension regarding enacting significant changes.

As the goal of the educational reforms in the Hamidian era were to counter foreign influence, these secondary schools used European teaching techniques while instilling in students a strong sense of Ottoman identity and Islamic morality. Abdul Hamid also reorganized the Ministry of Justice and developed rail and telegraph systems. Railways connected Constantinople and Vienna by , and shortly afterward the Orient Express connected Paris to Constantinople.

During his rule, railways within the Ottoman Empire expanded to connect Ottoman-controlled Europe and Anatolia with Constantinople as well. The increased ability to travel and communicate within the Ottoman Empire served to strengthen Constantinople's influence over the rest of the Empire. Abdul Hamid introduced legislation against the slave trade via the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of and the Kanunname of Abdul Hamid took stringent measures regarding his security.

The memory of the deposition of Abdul Aziz was on his mind and convinced him that a constitutional government was not a good idea. Because of this, information was tightly controlled and the press rigidly censored. A secret police Umur-u Hafiye and a network of informants was present throughout the empire, and many leading figures of the Second Constitutional Era and Ottoman successor states were arrested or exiled.

School curricula were closely inspected to prevent dissidence. Ironically, the schools that Abdul Hamid founded and tried to control became "breeding grounds of discontent" as students and teachers alike chafed at the censors' clumsy restrictions. Starting around , Armenians began demanding implementation of the reforms promised to them at the Berlin Conference.

Abdul Hamid put these revolts down with harsh methods. News of the massacres was widely reported in Europe and the United States and drew strong responses from foreign governments and humanitarian organizations. On 21 July , the Armenian Revolutionary Federation attempted to assassinate him with a car bomb during a public appearance, but he was delayed for a minute, and the bomb went off too early, killing 26, wounding 58 four of whom died during their treatment in hospital , and destroying 17 cars.

This continued aggression, along with the handling of the Armenian desire for reform, led western European powers to take a more hands-on approach with the Turks. Abdul Hamid did not believe that the Tanzimat movement could succeed in helping the disparate peoples of the empire achieve a common identity, such as Ottomanism. He adopted a new ideological principle, Pan-Islamism ; since, beginning in , Ottoman sultans were also nominally Caliphs, he wanted to promote that fact and emphasized the Ottoman Caliphate.

Given the great diversity of ethnicities in the Ottoman Empire, he believed that Islam was the only way to unite his people. Pan-Islamism encouraged Muslims living under European powers to unite under one polity. At the very end of his reign, Abdul Hamid finally provided funds to start construction of the strategically important Constantinople-Baghdad Railway and the Constantinople-Medina Railway , which would ease the trip to Mecca for the Hajj ; after he was deposed, the CUP accelerated and completed construction of both railways.

Missionaries were sent to distant countries preaching Islam and the Caliph 's supremacy. He is famously quoted as telling Herzl's Emissary, "as long as I am alive, I will not have our body divided; only our corpse they can divide. Pan-Islamism was a considerable success. After the Greco-Ottoman war , many Muslims celebrated the Ottoman victory as their victory.

Uprisings, lockouts, and objections to European colonization in newspapers were reported in Muslim regions after the war. In Mesopotamia and Yemen , disturbance was endemic; nearer home, a semblance of loyalty was maintained in the army and among the Muslim population only by a system of deflation and espionage [ citation needed ]. In , U. The Sultan obliged the Americans and wrote the letter, which was sent to Mecca, whence two Sulu chiefs brought it to Sulu.

It was successful, since the "Sulu Mohammedans Despite Abdul Hamid's "pan-Islamic" ideology, he had readily acceded to Straus's request for help in telling the Sulu Muslims to not resist America, since he felt no need to cause hostilities between the West and Muslims. Finley wrote:. After due consideration of these facts, the Sultan, as Caliph caused a message to be sent to the Mohammedans of the Philippine Islands forbidding them to enter into any hostilities against the Americans, inasmuch as no interference with their religion would be allowed under American rule.

As the Moros have never asked more than that, it is not surprising, that they refused all overtures made, by Aguinaldo's agents, at the time of the Filipino insurrection. President McKinley sent a personal letter of thanks to Mr. Straus for the excellent work he had done, and said, its accomplishment had saved the United States at least twenty thousand troops in the field.

President McKinley did not mention the Ottoman role in the pacification of the Sulu Moros in his address to the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress in December , since the agreement with the Sultan of Sulu was not submitted to the Senate until 18 December. Abdul Hamid and his close advisors believed the Empire should be treated as an equal player by these great powers.

In the Sultan's view, the Ottoman Empire was a European empire that was distinguished by having more Muslims than Christians. Over time, the hostile diplomatic attitudes of France the occupation of Tunisia in and Great Britain the establishment of de facto control in Egypt caused Abdul Hamid to gravitate towards Germany. German officers such as Baron von der Goltz and Bodo-Borries von Ditfurth were employed to oversee the organization of the Ottoman Army.

German government officials were brought in to reorganize the Ottoman government's finances. The German emperor was also rumored to have counseled Abdul Hamid in his controversial decision to appoint his third son as his successor. In , a significant German wish, the construction of a Berlin-Baghdad railway , was granted. It was only on the second attempt, in the Gasalee Expedition , that the Alliance forces managed to get through to battle the Chinese Muslim troops at the Battle of Peking.

Wilhelm was so alarmed by the Chinese Muslim troops that he requested that Abdul Hamid find a way to stop the Muslim troops from fighting. Abdul Hamid agreed to Wilhelm's demands and sent Hasan Enver Pasha no relation to the Young Turk leader to China in , but the rebellion was over by that time. A large conspiracy by the Committee of Union and Progress was also foiled in His ascendancy finally ended in a revolution in , and his reign for good ended with the 31 March Incident.

These conspiracies were primarily driven by members of inside the Ottoman government, due to dissatisfaction with autocracy. Journalists had to contend with a strict censorship regime, while the intelligentsia chafed under the surveillance of intelligence agencies. It was in this context that a broad opposition movement to the sultan emerged, known as the Young Turks to European observers.

Most Young Turks were ambitious military officers, constitutionalists, and bureaucrats of the Sublime Porte. With state policy fostering an Islamist Ottomanism, Christian minority groups also began to turn against the government, going so far as to advocate for separatism. By the s, Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, and Aromanian militant groups started fighting Ottoman authorities, and each other, in the Macedonian conflict.

The statute persisted under the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey until the s. Educated Muslim women resented the Salafist Hatts that mandated veils be worn outside the home and to be accompanied by men, though these decrees were mostly ignored. The national humiliation of the Macedonian conflict , together with the resentment in the army against the palace spies and informers, at last brought matters to a crisis.

Upon learning that the troops in Salonica were marching on Istanbul 23 July , Abdul Hamid capitulated.